Table of Contents

General Introduction xi

PART I: ISSUES AND APPLICATIONS IN ETHNOGRAPHIC METHODS
1. The Method of Natural History and Educational Research 11 Solon T. Kimball
References 14
2. Teaching and Learning How to Do the Ethnography of Education 17 George and Louise Spindler
What is Ethnography? 17
Teaching Ethnography 23 References 33
3. On Ethnographic Intent 37 Harry F Wolcott
What Ethnography Is Not 38
What Ethnography Is 42
Doing Ethnography 46
Ethnography in Educational Research 52 References 56
4. Figure and Section: Ethnography and Education in the
Multicultural State 61 Paul David Yates
What Is Ethnography? 62 References 75
5. Ethnographic Educational Value 81 David M. Fetterman
Cultural Transmission 85 Contextualization 89 Demythologizing: The Qualitative-Quantitative Dichotomy 92 Relevance for Policy 97
References 104
6. Language and Schooling 109 Hugh Mehan
Language and Schooling 109
Identifying Handicapped Students 112
Context Free and Context Specific Interpretations of Language Use 117
The Language of Stratification in the School 123 Conclusion 130
References 133

PART II: COMPARATIVE AND CROSS-CULTURAL 137 7. Schonhausen Revisited and the Rediscovery of Culture 143 George and Louise Spindler
A Decade of Change 144
The New Remstal Sample 146
Teachers' Styles 151
Culture in the Classroom 158
Final Comments 162 Appendix 163 References 166
8. Cultural Knowledge for Teaching First Grade: An Example
from France 171 Kathryn M. Anderson-Levitt
Introduction 171
Studying Cultural Knowledge 173
French Knowledge in Perspective 175
Why Teachers Tend to Think Alike 186 References 190
9. A Case of Mistaken Identity: Interethnic Images in
Multicultural England 195 Paul David Yates
Introduction 195 The Ethnography 197 Language and Culture 211
The Cultural Contract 213 References 217
10. Chinese Education in a Village Setting 221 Norman A. Chance
A Visit from the Teacher 223
Primary Education 226
Observing at School 230
Middle School 233
Portrait of an Educated Youth 236 References 246

PART III: AT HOME IN THE USA 247 Group A: Multiculturalism, Immigrants, and Minorities
11. Variability in Minority Responses to Schooling:
Nonimmigrants Vs. Immigrants 255 John U. Ogbu
Introduction 255
Variability in Minority Academic Achievement 256
Nonimmigrant Minorities 258
Immigrant Minorities 269 Conclusion 274 References 275
12. Punjabi Immigrants in an American High School 281 Margaret A. Gibson
Overview 281 Valleyside 283 Academic Performance at Valleyside High 286
Barriers to School Success 295
Community Forces and School Performance 304
Reducing Educational Inequities 307 References 309
13. The Influence of the Ethnic Community on the Adjustment of
Vietnamese Refugees 313 Christine Robinson Finnan
Introduction 313
The Research Context 314 Findings 316 Discussion 325
Summary and Conclusions 328 References 329
14. Traditions and Transitions in the Learning Process of Mexican
Children: An Ethnographic View 333 Concha Delgado-Gaitan
Introduction 333 The Study 335 Children's Native Competencies 337
Variations of Authority 345
Multidimensional and Unidimensional Activities 349
Active Learning in the Community 350 References 359
15. The Hidden Curriculum of Papago Teachers: American Indian Strategies for Mitigating Cultural Discontinuity in
Early Schooling 363 Jose Macias
Schooling as Cultural Discontinuity 363 The Study 364
The Papago Early Childhood Head Start Program (PECHS) 366
Discontinuity in PECHS 367
Papago Teacher Responses to Discontinuity 372 Commentary 377
References 380 Group B: Mainstream 16. A Comparative Analysis of American Suburban Middle Class,
Middle School, and High School Teenage Cliques 385 Joyce Canaan
Introduction 385
Shared Structural Components of Middle School and High School Teenage Cliques 386
Visibility of Middle School and High School Groups 392
Top Group Members as Model Teenagers 396
Two Sets of Values Contributing to Group Placement 397 Differences Between Middle School and High School Teenage Groups 398
References 406
17. Small Group Culture and the Emergence of Sexist Behavior:
A Comparative Study of Four Children's Groups 409 Ruth Gallagher Goodenough
Introduction 409 Kindergarten 1 415 Kindergarten 2 424
Kindergarten 3 430
Kindergarten 4 435
Analysis and Conclusion 440 References 444
18. Lower-Track Classes at a College-Preparatory High School:
A Caricature of Educational Encounters 447 Reba Page
The Disorderly Climate in Classrooms for Academically Unsuccessful Students 450
Participation Structures in Regular-Track Classrooms at Southmoor 458
Participation Structures in Lower-Track Classrooms at Southmoor 460
Role Integration at Southmoor 468 References 472
19. Computer Literacy in Practice: Curricula, Contradictions,
and Context 475 Susan Jungck
Introduction 475 Lakeside-Maple Glen 477 The High School 478
The Middle School 485 Conclusion 491

References 492
Author Index 495
Subject Index 501